Manila Cathedral: surviving earthquakes and wars over half a century
Updated: Jun 16
The Manila Cathedral, also known as the Cathedral-Basilica of the Immaculate Conception, is a historic and significant minor basilica located within the ancient walled city of Intramuros in Manila, Philippines. It has been the site of significant religious events, including papal visits, canonizations, and large-scale liturgical celebrations.
The Manila Cathedral is the premier basilica of the Philippines and serves as the "Mother of all Churches", dedicated to the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary as the Patroness of the country. It is the cathedral church of the Archdiocese of Manila.
In this blog post, we will take you on a virtual tour of Manila Cathedral, delving into its incredible history spanning almost half a century, and its epic tale of survival and endurance in the face of adversity. Plus we include your comprehensive GUIDE to visiting the Philippines, and some very special offers from our partners at Klook.
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Our Manila Cathedral highlights
While we always had Manila Cathedral on our list of places to visit, our desire to get here was exacerbated by the fact it started to pour with rain! We had just finished a wonderful meal at Barbara's Heritage Restaurant, when the 'heavens' opened. We decided to make a run for it as it was only a few minutes walk away, and the cathedral was a welcome refuge when we finally made it.
We did not really know what to expect, having added it to our list but not completed much research prior to our visit. As we rushed in from the rain, we did not have much time to truly appreciate the outside of the cathedral, although we did when we left of course. As we entered we were immediately captured by the size and beauty of it, in particular the large pillars and domed ceilings.
The Manila Cathedral showcases a blend of architectural styles, primarily reflecting Spanish Renaissance and Neo-Romanesque influences. The façade features intricate carvings and reliefs depicting scenes from the life of Christ and the Virgin Mary. The central nave is flanked by side aisles, with a transept crossing forming the shape of a Latin cross. The interior is adorned with ornate details, stained glass windows, and religious artwork. It is really beautiful inside, and we took a long moment of pause to really embrace and appreciate it.
The cathedral is known for its twin bell towers, which stand on both sides of the façade. These bell towers have become iconic symbols of the cathedral and Intramuros. They were initially constructed in the 19th century and have been rebuilt and restored over the years. When outside observing them, Leon encountered a tour guide who explained that the cathedral had been rebuilt seven times. Seven times! This was the first we had heard about this, which of course as history lovers spurned our desire to learn more.
One of the enduring things the guide said was, 'it was not the British, the Japanese or the Americans that damaged our cathedral. It was war'. This was a real poignant moment and one that neither of us will forget. More about the history in the next section!
Another highlight for us was actually learning about what a 'minor basilica' is. We knew what a basilica was, but assumed that the minor literally just meant 'small'. However it actually has a far greater significance. Pope John Paul II, now a canonized Saint, raised the Manila Cathedral to the dignity of a Basilica (motu proprio) on April 27, 1981.
A Minor Basilica is a Church of historical and architectural value which has "particular importance for the liturgical and pastoral life" of some place. In essence, it is the Pope's Church in some place around the world.
We are really grateful to have been able to visit and enjoy this special, holy place. It was an important visit for our energy, hearts and learning. Overall it was a major highlight of our trip to Intramuros in general and we certainly felt a stronger connection to Manila, and our Christian roots, through being here!
The incredible history of Manila Cathedral
The original Manila Cathedral was established in 1571 but underwent several rebuilds and renovations due to natural disasters, fires, and wars. The current structure, the seventh one to stand on the same site, was consecrated in 1958.
The first cathedral was a simple thatched-roof structure, but it was destroyed by a fire in 1583. The second cathedral was built in 1591, but it was also destroyed by fire in 1645. The third cathedral was built in 1614, and it survived for over 200 years. However, it was damaged by an earthquake in 1863 and was eventually demolished in 1879.
The fourth cathedral was built in 1879, but it was damaged by another earthquake in 1880. The fifth cathedral was built in 1760, and it survived until 1852, when it was demolished to make way for the sixth cathedral. The sixth cathedral was built in 1858, but it too was destroyed by fire in 1945 during the Battle of Manila.
The present Manila Cathedral is the seventh cathedral, and took four years to build, its completion coming in 1958. It is a neo-Romanesque structure with a capacity of 5,000 people. It is the final resting place of many of the former prelates of the Archdiocese of Manila, including Cardinal Jaime Sin. It was also the venue for the requiem mass for former President Corazon Aquino. The current cathedral has also hosted several papal visits. Pope Paul VI was the first in 1970, and Pope John Paul II celebrated Mass at the cathedral during his visits to the Philippines in 1981 and 1995.
The current cathedral has undergone multiple restoration and renovation projects over the years to preserve its historical and architectural significance. One of the most extensive renovations took place in preparation for the Philippines' hosting of the 2015 Papal visit, where Pope Francis celebrated Mass at the cathedral.
Manila Cathedral is a significant landmark that has born witness to many important events in the Philippines' history, including the Spanish colonization, the Philippine Revolution, and the Second World War. It also hosted a major gathering after the Philippine Declaration of Independence (from Spain) in 1898.
Here are some of the key historical events that took place in the Manila Cathedral:
● First baptism of a Filipino in Manila was held in the cathedral in 1571.
● Baptism of Rajah Matanda, the last chief of Tondo, in 1571.
● Coronation of King Philip II of Spain as the King of the Philippines in 1574.
● Coronation of Felipe II of Spain as King of Spain and the Philippines in 1580.
● The cathedral was used as a hospital during the cholera epidemic of 1882.
● Signing of the Treaty of Paris in 1898, which ended the Spanish-American War and ceded the Philippines to the United States.
● Proclamation of the Philippine Republic in 1899.
● Funeral of former President Manuel L. Quezon in 1944.
● The cathedral was the site of the beatification of San Lorenzo Ruiz in 1981, then his subsequent coronation as the first Filipino saint, Lorenzo Ruiz, in 1987.
● The requiem mass for former President Corazon Aquino in 2009.
The Manila Cathedral is a living testimony to the history of the Philippines. It is a place of worship, a tourist destination, and a historical landmark. It is a reminder of the rich and diverse history of the Philippines, and it is a symbol of the country's resilience and hope. Many consider it to be the most beautiful church in the entire country.
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Ten facts about Manila Cathedral
1. It is the oldest and most important church in the Philippines.
2. It is the seat of the Archdiocese of Manila, the largest and oldest archdiocese in the country.
3. The cathedral has been rebuilt seven times due to fires, earthquakes, and bombings.
4. The present structure was built from 1954 to 1958 and is a neo-Romanesque structure with a capacity of 5,000 people.
5. The cathedral is the final resting place of many of the Philippines' most important religious figures, including several archbishops of Manila.
6. It has been a witness to many important events in the country's history, including the baptism of Rajah Matanda, the coronation of Felipe II of Spain as King of Spain and the Philippines, and the beatification of San Lorenzo Ruiz.
7. The cathedral's main altar is made of Carrara marble and is dedicated to the Immaculate Conception.
8. The cathedral's pipe organ is one of the largest in the Philippines.
9. The cathedral has a museum that exhibits religious artifacts and artworks.
10. It is estimated that the cathedral receives around 2 million visitors per year. This number includes tourists, pilgrims, and local residents. The number of visitors varies depending on the time of year, with the highest number of visitors during the Christmas season and the feast day of the Immaculate Conception, which is celebrated on December 8th.
What is Intramuros?
Intramuros, meaning "within the walls" in Spanish, is a historic district situated at the heart of Manila, Philippines. Intramuros was founded by Spanish conquistador Miguel López de Legazpi in 1571. It was built as a defensive fortress surrounded by massive stone walls and moats to protect the Spanish settlers from attacks by local indigenous groups and other foreign powers. The walls of Intramuros stood as a physical barrier between the Spanish elite and the outside world.
Intramuros emerged as the political, religious, and economic nucleus of Manila during the Spanish colonial era. The district's architecture showcases a blend of Spanish colonial and Asian influences, featuring elegant facades, intricate carvings, and cobblestone streets. The district was laid out in a grid pattern, typical of Spanish colonial town planning, with the central plaza, Plaza Mayor (now known as Plaza de Roma), serving as the focal point.Key structures like the Manila Cathedral and San Agustin Church underline its role as a religious and cultural hub.
Intramuros survived the seven year war between Spain and Britain in 1762 but suffered devastating destruction during World War II, facing extensive bombing by American forces after Japan had invaded and occupied the city. Much of the original architecture and structures were destroyed or damaged during this period, not just from the bombing, but also via the 'scorched earth' tactics of the retreating Japanese army. Intramuros was almost completely destroyed, and Manila was the 2nd most destroyed city of WW2, after Warsaw in Poland.
Since the end of the war, and after the declaration of Philippine independence from the U.S in 1946, efforts have been made to preserve and restore what remains of Intramuros' historical heritage. Despite much of the original city being lost, Intramuros is to this day a cherished location, attracting tourists eager to delve into the Philippines' colonial history. It offers a unique glimpse into the nation's past through museums, cultural sites, and landmarks. As a living tribute to the Philippines' history, Intramuros symbolizes the country's resilience and offers a tangible connection to its struggle for freedom from foreign powers.
Manila Cathedral opening times
The Manila Cathedral is open to the public for both religious services and sightseeing. Visitors can explore its interior, learn about its history, and appreciate its artistic and architectural elements.
The Manila Cathedral is open to the public from 7am to 5pm, daily. There are no entrance fees, but donations are welcome.
Here are the specific opening hours for Masses:
Mondays to Fridays: 7.30am to 12.10pm
Saturdays: 7.30am only
Sundays: 8am, 10am, and 6pm
The cathedral is also closed on Mondays and holidays for office maintenance.
How to get to Manila Cathedral
The Manila Cathedral is situated within the walled city of Intramuros, in the heart of Manila, making it a central and accessible location for both locals and tourists.
⪢ By LRT
The nearest LRT station to the Manila Cathedral is Carriedo Station. From Carriedo Station, you can walk to the cathedral, which is about a 13-minute walk.
⪢ By bus
There are several bus lines that pass by the Manila Cathedral. You can take a bus from any major bus terminal in Manila. The nearest bus stops to Manila Cathedral is Andres Soriano Jr Ave / General Luna, Manila (a 4 min walk away).
⪢ By taxi
You can also take a taxi to the Manila Cathedral. The taxi fare will depend on the distance from your starting point.
⪢ By car
If you are driving, you can enter Intramuros through Gate 1 or Gate 3. Once inside Intramuros, you can park your car at the parking lot near the Manila Cathedral.
⪢ Guided Tours
Many tour operators offer guided tours of Intramuros, which often include a visit to Manila Cathedral. Joining a guided tour can be a convenient way to learn about the history of the area and the church while ensuring you won't get lost.
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Address: Cabildo cor. Beaterio St., Intramuros, Manila, Philippines 1002
Contact: +63 (0)285273093 / (0)285271796
Email: mlacathedral58@gmail.com
Website: manilacathedral.com
Other places to visit nearby
There are many places to check out in Intramuros, but here are a few within walking distance from Manila Cathedral that we recommend you check out:
San Agustin Church
The San Agustin Church is a Baroque church located in Intramuros, Manila, Philippines. It is the oldest church in the Philippines and one of the four Baroque Churches of the Philippines inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. It is the only church that survived the near complete destruction of Intramuros in WW2.
Casa Manila
Casa Manila is a museum in Intramuros, Manila, Philippines. It is a replica of a Spanish colonial house from the 19th century. The house was built in 1980 by the Cultural Center of the Philippines (CCP) and is now a museum that showcases the lifestyle of a wealthy Filipino family during the Spanish colonial period.
Fort Santiago
Fort Santiago is a citadel located in Intramuros, Manila, Philippines. It was built by the Spanish in 1571 and served as the headquarters of the Spanish colonial government in the Philippines. The fort was also used as a prison, and it is where José Rizal, the national hero of the Philippines, was imprisoned before his execution in 1896.
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Our Manila Cathedral experience rating
⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ 5/5
The Manila Cathedral remains a symbol of faith, history, and culture for the Philippines, drawing in visitors and pilgrims alike to experience its beauty and significance. The cathedral's rich history, architectural grandeur, and religious significance make it a cornerstone of Philippine cultural heritage and identity.
We are honored to have been able to come here and share our energy with a place of such importance. As we put together this blog post, we learned even more about the history of this cathedral and it has added so much to what was already a wonderful experience. We urge you to visit, enjoy the warmth of this space and make a donation!
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